William R. Graves

I lead a research program that reflects my interest in woody and herbaceous perennial plants that are distinctive because of their capacity to thrive in harsh environments, their rarity in nature, and/or their alluring ornamental traits.

Plant taxa I have studied include:

Maackia amurensis, an attractive and stress-resistant tree that associates with rhizobial bacteria

Alnus maritima, a large actinorhizal shrub and the only alder indigenous to North America that blooms in late summer to autumn

Acer saccharum subsp. nigrum, a large shade tree at the western extreme of the natural distribution of A. saccharum (sugar maple)

Dirca spp., shrubs from the Thymelaeaceae, some of which are narrowly endemic to very small land areas (Dirca mexicana, Dirca occidentalis)

Ptelea trifoliata and Ptelea crenulata, small trees from the citrus family that support numerous pollinators and the larval stage of swallowtail butterflies.

Datisca cannabina and Datisca glomerata, the only herbaceous plant species that are actinorhizal (associate with Frankia that fix atmospheric nitrogen)

 

SCHOLARLY PUBLICATIONS
Talcott Stewart, A.J., R. Arora, and W.R. Graves. 2023. Cold acclimation and
deacclimation of Ptelea and Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae). Native Plants Journal 24: 215-
224.

Talcott Stewart, A.J., M.E. O’Neal, and W.R. Graves. 2022. Insect Floral Visitors
of Ptelea trifoliata (Rutaceae) in Iowa, United States. Annals of the Entomological
Society of America 115: 378–386.

Talcott Stewart, A.J., T. Boylston, L. Wilson, and W.R. Graves. 2022. Floral aromatics of
Ptelea: Chemical identification and human response. Journal of the American Society
for Horticultural Science 147:25-34.

Hudson, Z.J. and W.R. Graves. 2022. Tensile strength of the bark of Dirca L. and other
genera of the Thymelaeaceae. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 149: 1-7.

Graves, W.R. and A. Gimondo. 2021. Phenology of annual dormancy release and its
association with fruit set of Dirca occidentalis (Thymelaeaceae). Madroño 68: 416-424.

Hudson, Z.J., A. Zandt, A. Katz, and W. Graves. 2021. From Dirca to design:
printmaking with leatherwood (Dirca mexicana) bark paper. Journal of Visual Art
Practice 21:1-24.

Talcott, A.J. and W.R. Graves. 2020. Cold stratification and pericarp removal improve
seed germination of Ptelea trifoliata and Ptelea crenulata. HortScience 55:503-506.

Miller, B.M. and W.R. Graves. 2019. Root pruning and auxin alter root morphology of
hickories. HortScience 54:1517-1520.

Gimondo, J.A., C.J. Currey, D.H. Jarboe, M. Gross, and W.R. Graves. 2019.
Wastewater-grown algae pellets and paste as fertilizers for containerized crops.
HortScience 54:528-536.

Flax, N.J. C.J. Currey, J.A. Schrader, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2018. Coconut coir
and peat biocontainers influence plant growth retardant drench efficacy.
HortTechnology 28:370-377.

Flax, N.J., C.J. Currey, A.G. Litvin, J.A. Schrader, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2018.
Aesthetic quality and strength of bioplastic biocontainers at different substrate
volumetric water contents. HortScience 53:483-490.

Schrader, J.A., C.J. Currey, N.J. Flax, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2018.
Effectiveness of biopolymer horticultural products for production and postproduction
nutrient provision of garden and bedding crops and container ornamentals.
HortTechnology 28:257-266.

Flax, N.J., C.J. Currey, J.A. Schrader, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2018. Herbaceous
perennial producers can grow high-quality blanket flower in bioplastic-based plant
containers. HortTechnology 28:212-217.

Flax, N.J., C.J. Currey, J.A. Schrader, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2017. Commercial
greenhouse growers can produce high-quality bedding plants in bioplastic-based
biocontainers. HortTechnology 27:472-481.

Graves, W.R. 2017. University campuses as repositories of historic and culturally
important trees. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Landscape & Urban
Horticulture; Athens, Greece. Acta Horticulturae 1189:31-34.

Graves, W.R. 2017. Use of rare trees and shrubs in horticulture: A strategy for
increasing diversity while preserving indigenous flora. Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Landscape & Urban Horticulture; Athens, Greece. Acta
Horticulturae 1189:487-490.

McCabe, K.G., C.J. Currey, J.A. Schrader, D. Grewell, J. Behrens, and W.R.
Graves. 2016. Pelletized soy-based bioplastic fertilizers for container-crop
production. HortScience 51:1417-1426.

McCabe, K.G., J.A. Schrader, C.J. Currey, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2016. Soycomposite biocontainers allow for reduced fertilizer inputs during container-crop
production. HortScience 51:927-934.

Balestri, F. and W.R. Graves. 2016. Pretreatment effects on seed germination of two
Nyssa species. HortScience 51:738-741.

Peterson, B.J. and W.R. Graves. 2015. Chloroplast phylogeography of Dirca palustris L.
indicates populations near the glacial boundary at the Last Glacial Maximum in eastern
North America. Biogeography 43:314-327.

Schrader, J.A., K.G. McCabe, G. Srinivasan, K. Haubrich, D. Grewell, S. Madbouly, and
W.R. Graves. 2015. Development and evaluation of bioplastic containers for sustainable
greenhouse and nursery production. Acta Horticulturae 1104:79-88.

Yang, S., S.A. Madbouly, J.A. Schrader, G. Srinivasan, D. Grewell, K.G. McCabe, M.R.
Kessler, and W.R. Graves. 2015. Characterization and biodegradation behavior of biobased poly(lactic acid) and soy protein blends for sustainable horticultural applications.
Green Chemistry 17:380-393.

Yang, S., S.A. Madbouly, J.A. Schrader, D. Grewell, M.R. Kessler, and W.R. Graves.
2015. Processing and characterization of bio‐based poly
(hydroxyalkanoate)/poly(amide) blends: Improved flexibility and impact resistance of
PHA‐based plastics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132:42209.

Liu, K. S.A. Madbouly, J.A. Schrader, M.R. Kessler, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves.
2015. Biorenewable polymer composites from tall oil-based polyamide and lignincellulose fiber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132:42592.

Kratsch, H.A., J.A. Schrader, K.G. McCabe, G. Srinivasan, D. Grewell, and W.R.
Graves. 2015. Performance and biodegradation in soil of novel horticulture containers
made from bioplastics and biocomposites. HortTechnology 25:119-131.

Grewell, D., G. Srinivasan, J. Schrader, W. Graves, and M. Kessler. 2014. Sustainable
materials for a horticultural application. Plastics Engineering 70:44-52.

Schrader, J.A., K.G. McCabe, D. Grewell, and W. Graves. 2014. Bioplastics and
biocomposites for sustainable horticultural containers: Performance and biodegradation
in home compost. Acta Horticulturae 1170:1101-1108.

Lu, H., S.A. Madbouly, J.A. Schrader, M.R. Kessler, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves.
2014. Novel bio-based composites of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/distillers dried grains
with solubles (DDGS). RSC Advances 4:39802-39808.

McCabe, K.G., J.A. Schrader, S. Madbouly, D. Grewell, and W.R. Graves. 2014.
Evaluation of biopolymer-coated fiber containers for container-grown plants.
HortTechnology 24:439-448.

Madbouly, S.A., J.A. Schrader, G. Srinivasan, K. Liu, K.G. McCabe, D. Grewell, W.R.
Graves, and M.R. Kessler. 2014. Biodegradation behavior of bacterial-based
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and DDGS composites. Green Chemistry 16:1911-1920.

Lu, H., S.A. Madbouly, J.A. Schrader, G. Srinivasan, K.G. McCabe, D. Grewell, M.R.
Kessler, and W.R. Graves. 2014. Biodegradation behavior of poly(lactic acid)
(PLA)/distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) composites. ACS Sustainable
Chemistry & Engineering 2:2699-2706.

Grewell, D., G. Srinivasan, J. Schrader, W. Graves, and M. Kessler. 2013. Sustainable
materials for horticultural applications. Society of Plastics Engineers Annual Technical
Conference (ANTEC) Technical Papers 2013:59.

Schrader, J.A., G. Srinivasan, D. Grewell, K.G. McCabe, and W.R. Graves. 2013.
Fertilizer effects of soy-plastic containers during crop production and transplant
establishment. HortScience 48:724-731.

Peterson, B.J. and W.R. Graves. 2013. Responses to root-zone water content of
shrub congeners from eastern North America and Mediterranean California.
HortScience 48: 715-719.

Norris, K.D. and W.R. Graves. 2012. A narrowly endemic Dirca from Mexico
outperforms its broadly distributed congener in the Upper Midwest.
HortScience 47:1445-1448.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2011. Taxonomy of Leitneria (Simaroubaceae)
resolved by ISSR, ITS, and morphometric characterization. Castanea 76:313-338.

Graves, W.R. and A.L. Thomas. 2011. Survival and growth of Callicarpa americana of
northern and southern origin in U.S.D.A. hardiness zones 5 and 6. Journal of
Environmental Horticulture 29:9-13.

Peterson, B.J. and W.R. Graves. 2011. Reproductive ecology of Dirca palustris L.
(Thymelaeaceae). Castanea 76:237-244.

Peterson, B.J., W.R. Graves, and J. Sharma. 2011. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity
of eastern leatherwood in five populations that span its geographic distribution.
American Midland Naturalist 165:1-21.

Lenahan, O.M., W.R. Graves, and R. Arora. 2010. Cold hardiness and deacclimation of
Styrax americanus from three provenances. HortScience 45:1819-1823.

Helgeson, M.S., W.R. Graves, D. Grewell, and G. Srinivasan. 2010. Zein-based
bioplastic containers alter root-zone chemistry and growth of geranium. Journal of
Environmental Horticulture 28:74-80.

Helgeson, M.S., W.R. Graves, D. Grewell, and G. Srinivasan. 2009. Degradation and
nitrogen release of zein-based bioplastic containers. Journal of Environmental
Horticulture 27:123-127.

Peterson, B.J. and W.R. Graves. 2009. Variation in development and response to
root- zone pH among seedlings of Dirca palustris (Thymelaeaceae) from three
provenances. HortScience 44:1319-1322.

Boyer, N.Z. and W.R. Graves. 2009. NAA is more effective than IBA for rooting stem
cuttings of two Nyssa spp. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27:183-187.

Peterson, B.J., Graves, W.R., and J. Sharma. 2009. Color of pubescence on bud
scales conflicts with keys for identifying species of Dirca (Thymelaeaceae). Rhodora
111:126- 130.

Sharma, J., J.A. Schrader, and W.R. Graves. 2008. Ecology and phenotypic variation of
Leitneria floridana (Leitneriaceae) in disjunct native habitats. Castanea 73:94-105.

Graves, W.R. 2008. Habitat and reproduction of Dirca mexicana. Rhodora 110:365-378.

Graves, W.R. and J.A. Schrader. 2008. At the interface of phylogenetics and
population genetics, the phylogeography of Dirca occidentalis (Thymelaeaceae).
American Journal of Botany 95:1454-1465.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2008. Nodulation and growth of Alnus nitida and
Alnus maritima inoculated with species-specific and nonspecific Frankia. Journal of
Environmental Horticulture 26:29-34.

Schrader, J.A., M.A. Kroggel, and W.R. Graves. 2007. Nodulation and nitrogen-fixing
capacity of rhizobial isolates from China in symbiosis with Maackia amurensis. Journal
of Environmental Horticulture 25:47-50.

Schrader, J.A., W.R. Graves, S.A. Rice, and J.P. Gibson. 2006. Differences in shade
tolerance help explain varying success of two sympatric Alnus species. International
Journal of Plant Sciences 167:979-989.

Stewart, J.R. and W.R. Graves. 2006. Photosynthesis, growth, carbon allocation and
fruit load of Frangula caroliniana and Rhamnus cathartica. International Journal of
Plant Sciences 167:1161-1168.

Graves, W.R., J.A. Schrader, and J. Sharma. 2006. Cold hardiness of the rare
Dirca occidentalis: Comparisons to Dirca palustris from disparate provenances.
Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24:169-172.

Stewart, J.R. and W.R. Graves. 2006. Cold hardiness and vernal bud break of
Rhamnus caroliniana and Rhamnus cathartica. Journal of the American Society for
Horticultural Science 131:345-351.

Graves, W.R. 2006. Distribution and reproduction of Dirca occidentalis (western
leatherwood). The Four Seasons (East Bay [Berkeley, California] Regional Parks
Botanic Garden) 12(3):54-61.

Kratsch, H.A., R.J. Gladon, and W.R. Graves. 2006. Aeroponics system for control
of root-zone atmosphere. Environmental and Experimental Botany 55:70-76.

Zhu, J., A. Zhang, K. Park, T. Baker, B. Lang, R. Jurenka, J.J. Obrycki, W.R. Graves,
Pickett, D. Smiley, K.R. Chauhan, J.A. Klun. 2006. Sex pheromone of the soybean
aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, and its potential use in semiochemical-based control.
Environmental Entomology 35:249-257.

Sharma, J. and W.R. Graves. 2005. Propagation of Rhamnus alnifolia and Rhamnus
lanceolata by seeds and cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23:86-90.

Voegtlin, D.J., R.J. O’Neil, W.R. Graves, D. Lagos, and H.J.S. Yoo. 2005. Potential
winter hosts of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 98:690-693.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2005. Seed germination of Dirca (leatherwood):
Pretreatments and interspecific comparisons. HortScience 40:1838-1842.

Yoo, H.J.S., R.J. O’Neil, D.J. Voegtlin, and W.R. Graves. 2005. Host plant suitability of
Rhamnaceae for the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera:
Aphididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 98:926-930.

Laws, M.T. and W.R. Graves. 2005. Nitrogen inhibits nodulation and reversibly
suppresses nitrogen fixation in nodules of Alnus maritima. Journal of the American
Society for Horticultural Science 130:496-499.

Schrader, J.A., S.J. Gardner, and W.R. Graves. 2005. Resistance to water stress of
Alnus maritima: Intraspecific variation and comparisons to other alders. Environmental
and Experimental Botany 53:281-298.

Stewart, J.R. and W.R. Graves. 2005. Seed germination of Rhamnus caroliniana:
implications for ecology and horticulture. HortScience 40:767-770.

Kratsch, H.A. and W.R. Graves. 2005. Oxygen concentration affects nodule anatomy
and nitrogenase activity of Alnus maritima. Plant, Cell and Environment 28:688-696.
Hilgers, K.R., C.L. Haynes, and W.R. Graves. 2005. Chemical height control of
containerized seashore mallow. HortTechnology 15:330-332.

Kratsch, H.A. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Location and anatomy of nodules on Alnus
maritima subjected to flooding. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural
Science 129:775-780.

Graves, W.R. 2004. Confirmation that Dirca spp. (Thymelaeaceae) reproduce from
rhizomes. Rhodora 106:291-294.

Stewart, J.R. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Photosynthesis and growth of
Rhamnus caroliniana during drought and flooding: comparisons to the
invasive Rhamnus cathartica. HortScience 39:1278-1282.

Sharma, J. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Germination of Leitneria floridana seeds from
disjunct populations. HortScience 39:1695-1699.

Kratsch, H.A. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Nitrogen fixation as a stress-avoidance
strategy among actinorhizal (non-legume) trees and shrubs. Journal of Crop
Improvement 10:281-304.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Systematics of Alnus maritima (Seaside Alder)
resolved by ISSR polymorphisms and morphological characters. Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural Science 129:231-236.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Systematics of Dirca (Thymelaeaceae) based
on ITS sequences and ISSR polymorphisms. Sida 21:517-530.

Sharma, J. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Midwinter cold hardiness of Leitneria floridana
from three provenances. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22:88-92.

Graves, W.R. and J.A. Schrader. 2004. ‘September Sun’ seaside alder, an autumn-blooming shrub native to North America. HortScience 39:438-439.

Voegtlin, D., R.J. O’Neil, and W.R. Graves. 2004. Tests of suitability of overwintering
hosts of Aphis glycines: identification of a new host association with Rhamnus alnifolia
L’Héritier. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97:233-234.

Haynes, C.L. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Kosteletzkya virginica can be rooted from leafy
or leafless stem cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22:173-175.

Stewart, J.R. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Photosynthesis and growth of Carolina
buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana Walter) during drought and flooding: comparisons to
the invasive common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.). Acta Horticulturae 630, ISHS
2004:143-146.

Kratsch, H.A. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Ultrastructure of nodules from Alnus maritima.
Acta Horticulturae 630, ISHS 2004:231-236.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2004. Ecophysiology, phenology, and depth of
cold acclimation in the three subspecies of Alnus maritima. Acta Horticulturae 630,
ISHS 2004:199-205.

Graves, W.R. 2004. Adaptation evaluated: case studies of underused trees and
shrubs. Acta Horticulturae 630, ISHS 2004:125-135.

Graves, W.R. and J.L. Gallagher. 2003. Resistance to salinity of Alnus maritima from
disjunct wetlands: symptoms of salt injury, comparison to other shrubs, and effect of
inundation. Wetlands 23:394-405.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2003. Phenology and depth of cold acclimation in the
three subspecies of Alnus maritima. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural
Science 128:330-336.

Adam, M.L., J.M. Kelly, W.R. Graves, and P. Dixon. 2003. Net nitrate uptake by Acer
rubrum is a function of root-zone temperature. Journal of Plant Nutrition 26:203-222.

Graves, W.R. 2002. IBA, juvenility, and position on ortets influence propagation of
Carolina buckthorn from softwood cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture
20: 57-61.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2002. Infraspecific systematics of Alnus maritima
(Betulaceae) from three widely disjunct provenances. Castanea 67:380-401.

Graves, W.R., M.A. Kroggel, and M.P. Widrlechner. 2002. Photosynthesis and shoot
health of five birch and four alder taxa after drought and flooding. Journal of
Environmental Horticulture 20:36-40.

Gladon, R.J., W.R. Graves, and J.M. Kelly. 2002. Publishing in plant science journals:
A course that jump-starts professional careers. Journal of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences Education 31:88-93.

St. Hilaire, R., W.R. Graves, and R.L. Small. 2001. Variation in Taq1-digested DNA of
sugar and black maples is independent of taxon and geography. HortScience 36:1327-
1328.

St. Hilaire, R. and W.R. Graves. 2001. Stability of provenance differences during
development of hard maple seedlings irrigated at two frequencies. HortScience 36:654-
657.

Foster, C.M., H.T. Horner, and W.R. Graves. 2000. Accumulation of ENOD2-like
transcripts in non-nodulating woody papilinoid legumes. Plant Physiology 124:741-750.
Kelly, J.M., W.R. Graves, and A.S. Aiello. 2000. Nitrate uptake kinetics for rooted
cuttings of Acer rubrum L. Plant and Soil 221:221-230.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2000. Alnus maritima: a rare woody species from the
New World. The New Plantsman 7:74-82.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2000. Propagation of Alnus maritima from softwood
cuttings. HortScience 35:293-295.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2000. Timing of seed dispersal may limit the
reproductive success of Alnus maritima. Castanea 65:69-77.

Schrader, J.A. and W.R. Graves. 2000. Seed germination and seedling growth of Alnus
maritima from its three disjunct populations. Journal of the American Society for
Horticultural Science 125:128-134.

Zwack, J.A., W.R. Graves, and A.M. Townsend. 1999. Variation among red and
Freeman maples in response to drought and flooding. HortScience 34:664-668.

St. Hilaire, R. and W.R. Graves. 1999. Foliar traits of sugar maples and black maples
near 43 °N latitude in the eastern and central United States. Journal of the American
Society for Horticultural Science 124:605-611.

Graves W.R., C.M. Foster, F.M. Rosin, and J.A. Schrader. 1999. Two early nodulation
genes are not markers for the capacity of leguminous nursery crops to form root
nodules. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17:126-129.

Dosmann, M.S., J.K. Iles, and W.R. Graves. 1999. Drought avoidance in katsura by
drought-induced leaf abscission and rapid refoliation. HortScience 34:871-874.

Foster, C.M., H.T. Horner, and W.R. Graves. 1998. Nodulation response of woody
Papilinoid species after inoculation with rhizobia and soils from Hawaii, Asia, and North
America. Plant and Soil 205:103-111.

Iles, J.K., W.R. Graves, A.S. Aiello, C.L. Haynes, and K.E. Stone. 1998. Midwestern
retail garden centers identify satisfaction/dissatisfaction with supplying wholesale
nurseries. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16:243-247.

Aiello, A.S. and W.R. Graves. 1998. Success varies when using subirrigation instead of
mist to root softwood cuttings of woody taxa. Journal of Environmental Horticulture
16:42-47.

Foster, C.M., W.R. Graves, and H.T. Horner. 1998. ENOD2 cDNA clone from nodules
of Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. (accession no. AF039708) (PGR 98-060). Plant
Physiology 116:1604.

Foster, C.M., H.T. Horner, and W.R. Graves. 1998. Isolation of a 14-3-3 brain protein
homolog from nodules of Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. (accession no.
AF039709) (PGR 98-061) Plant Physiology 116:1604.

Zwack, J.A., W.R. Graves, and A.M. Townsend. 1998. Leaf water relations and plant
development of three Freeman maple cultivars subjected to drought. Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural Science 123:371-375.

Aiello, A.S. and W.R. Graves. 1997. Container medium and nitrogen form affect
production of Amur maackia. HortScience 32:1200-1203.

Geater, C.A., G.R. Nonnecke, W.R. Graves, A.S. Aiello, and C.A. Dilley. 1997. High
root-zone temperatures inhibit growth and development of Fragaria species. Fruit
Varieties Journal 51:94-101.

Graves, W.R. and A.S. Aiello. 1997. Root-zone temperatures above 29 °C reduce
transpiration, water potential, and growth of silver maple indigenous to Minnesota and
Mississippi. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122:195-199.

Klock, K.A., H.G. Taber, and W.R. Graves. 1997. Root respiration and phosphorus
nutrition of tomato plants grown at 36 °C root-zone temperature. Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural Science 122:175-178.

Zhang, H., W.R. Graves, and A.M. Townsend. 1997. Water loss and survival of stem
cuttings of two maple cultivars held in subirrigated rooting medium at 24 to 33 °C.
HortScience 32:129-131.

Klock, K.A., W.R. Graves, and H.G. Taber. 1996. Growth and phosphorus, zinc, and
manganese content of tomato, muskmelon, and honey locust at high root-zone
temperatures. Journal of Plant Nutrition 19:795-806.

Graves, W.R. and H. Zhang. 1996. Relative water content and rooting of subirrigated
stem cuttings in four environments without mist. HortScience 31:866-868.

Aiello, A.S. and W.R. Graves. 1996. Two leguminous tree species differ in growth and
ion uptake in Hoagland solution: Phosphorus toxicity in Amur maackia. Journal of Plant
Nutrition 19:1061-1073.

Pai, J.G.B. and W.R. Graves. 1995. Seed source affects seedling development and
nitrogen fixation of Maackia amurensis. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 13:142-
146.

Wilkins, L.C., W.R. Graves, and A.M. Townsend. 1995. Responses to high root-zone
temperature among cultivars of red maple and Freeman maple. Journal of
Environmental Horticulture 13:82-85.

Pai, J.G.B. and W.R. Graves. 1995. Influence of inoculant form and applied nitrogen on
growth and root nodulation of Maackia amurensis. Journal of Environmental
Horticulture 13:40-42.

Zhang, H. and W.R. Graves. 1995. Subirrigation to root stem cuttings: Comparison to
intermittent mist and influence of fertilization. HortTechnology 5:265-268.

Wilkins, L.C., W.R. Graves, and A.M. Townsend. 1995. Development of plants
from single-node cuttings differs among cultivars of red maple and Freeman
maple. HortScience 30:360-362.

Graves, W.R., S.R. Anfinson, and K.K. Lappegard. 1995. Leaching fraction and
fertilization effects on growth of three woody legumes inoculated with rhizobia.
HortScience 30:72-73.

Behboudian, M.H., W.R. Graves, C.S. Walsh, and R.F. Korcak. 1994. Water relations,
mineral nutrition, growth, and 13C discrimination in two apple cultivars under daily
episodes of high root-medium temperature. Plant and Soil 162:125-133.

Graves, W.R. and S.R. Anfinson. 1994. Influence of reduced leaching on growth of
seedlings of black locust inoculated with rhizobia. Journal of the Iowa Academy of
Science 101:54-55.

Graves, W.R. 1994. Development of seedlings of sugar maple and black maple irrigated
at various frequencies. HortScience 29:1292-1294.

McNamara, S., W.R. Graves, and H. Pellett. 1994. Propagation of Maackia amurensis
from softwood cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 12:147-149.

Graves, W.R. 1994. Urban root-zone temperatures and their potential impact on trees.
Journal of Arboriculture 20:24-27.

Nash, L.J. and W.R. Graves. 1993. Drought and flood stress effects on plant
development and leaf water relations of five tree species native to bottomland habitats.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118:845-850.

Graves, W.R. and L.C. Wilkins. 1993. An exercise to illustrate biological nitrogen fixation
to plant science students. HortTechnology 3:462-463.

Batzli, J.M., W.R. Graves, and P. van Berkum. 1992. Diversity among rhizobia effective
on Robinia pseudoacacia L. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58:2137-2143.

Graves, W.R. 1992. Influence of hydroponic culture method on morphology and
hydraulic conductivity of roots of honey locust. Tree Physiology 11:205-211.

Batzli, J.M., W.R. Graves, and P. van Berkum. 1992. Isolation and characterization of
rhizobia effective with Maackia amurensis. Journal of the American Society for
Horticultural Science 117:612-616.

Graves, W.R. and W. van de Poll. 1992. Further evidence that American yellowwood
does not form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with rhizobia. HortScience 27:1137.

Graves, W.R. 1991. Growth and iron content of three legume tree species at high rootzone temperature. Journal of Arboriculture 17:313-317.
Graves, W.R. and L.C. Wilkins. 1991. Growth of honey locust seedlings during
high root-zone temperature and osmotic stress. HortScience 26:1312-1315.

Graves, W.R., R.J. Joly, and M.N. Dana. 1991. Water use and growth of honey locust
and tree-of-heaven at high root-zone temperature. HortScience 26:1309-1312.

Graves, W.R. 1990. Stratification not required for tree-of-heaven seed germination.
Tree Planters’ Notes 41(2):10-12.

Graves, W.R., M.N. Dana, and R.J. Joly. 1989. Influence of root-zone temperature on
growth of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Journal of Environmental Horticulture
7:79- 82.

Graves, W.R., M.N. Dana, and R.J. Joly. 1989. Root-zone temperature affects
water status and growth of red maple. Journal of the American Society for
Horticultural Science 114:406-410.

Graves, W.R. and M.N. Dana. 1987. A system to control root-zone temperature.
HortScience 22:957-958.

Graves, W.R. and M.N. Dana. 1987. Root-zone temperature monitored at urban sites.
HortScience 22:613-614.

Graves, W.R. and R.J. Gladon. 1985. Water stress, endogenous ethylene, and Ficus
benjamina L. leaf abscission. HortScience 20:273-275.

BOOKS
Schrader, J.A., H.A. Kratsch, and W.R. Graves (Eds). 2016. Bioplastic Container
Cropping Systems: Green Technology for the Green Industry. Sustainable Horticulture
Research Consortium, Ames, IA.

Gladon, R.J., W.R. Graves, and J.M. Kelly. 2011. Getting Published in Life
Sciences. Wiley-Blackwell; Hoboken, NJ; 356 pages.