Shade Adaptation Study
Nick E. Christians, Barbara R. Bingaman, and Gary M. Peterson
The first shade adaptation study was established in the fall of 1987 to evaluate the performance of 35 species and cultivars of grasses. The species include chewings fescue (C.F.), creeping red fescue (C.R.F.), hard fescue (H.F.), tall fescue (T.F.), Kentucky bluegrass (K.B.), and rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis).
A second shade trial was added in the fall of 1994 to evaluate the performance of cultivars of chewings fescue (C.F.), creeping red fescue (C.R.F.), hard fescue (H.F.), tall fescue (T.F.), Kentucky bluegrass (K.B.), rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis), and Poa supina.
The trials are located under the canopy of a mature stand of Siberian elm trees (Ulmus pumila) at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station north of Ames, Iowa. Grasses are mowed at a 2-inch height and receive 2 lb N/1000 ft2/year. No weed control has been required on the area, but the grass has been irrigated during extended droughts.
Monthly quality data are collected from May through October (Table 1 and 2). Visual quality is based on a scale of 9 to 1: 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = worst quality.
Table 1. 1999 Visual quality1 data for turfgrass culitvars in the 1987 Shade Trial in descending order for mean quality.
|
Cultivar |
May |
June |
July |
August |
September |
October |
Mean quality |
|
|
1 |
Victor (C.F.) |
8.0 |
6.7 |
5.7 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
6.8 |
|
2 |
Waldina (H.F.) |
5.7 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
|
3 |
Bar Fo 81-225 (H.F.) |
6.0 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
5.7 |
7.3 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
|
4 |
Jamestown (C.F.) |
7.0 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
5.7 |
6.1 |
|
5 |
Atlanta (C.F.) |
6.3 |
6.7 |
5.3 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
|
6 |
Shadow (C.F.) |
7.0 |
6.0 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
6.0 |
|
7 |
Agram (C.F.) |
6.7 |
6.3 |
4.3 |
6.0 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
|
8 |
Waldorf (C.F.) |
6.7 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
6.0 |
|
9 |
Mary (C.F.) |
6.3 |
6.0 |
4.7 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
5.9 |
|
10 |
Banner (C.F.) |
7.0 |
6.3 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
|
11 |
St-2 (SR3000) (H.F.) |
5.3 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
|
12 |
Pennlawn (C.R.F.) |
6.7 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
|
13 |
Wintergreen (C.F.) |
6.0 |
5.3 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
|
14 |
Ensylva (C.R.F.) |
6.0 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
|
15 |
Reliant (H.F.) |
4.3 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
6.0 |
6.3 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
|
16 |
Rebel II (T.F.) |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
5.3 |
6.0 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
|
17 |
Koket (C.F.) |
6.0 |
5.7 |
3.3 |
4.0 |
5.3 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
|
18 |
Estica (C.R.F.) |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
|
19 |
Sabre (P.T.) |
6.7 |
6.0 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
4.9 |
|
20 |
Biljart (H.F.) |
4.7 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
3.7 |
5.3 |
5.7 |
4.8 |
|
21 |
Rebel (T.F.) |
5.3 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
6.0 |
4.7 |
4.8 |
|
22 |
Highlight (C.F.) |
5.0 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
5.3 |
4.3 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
|
23 |
Arid (T.F.) |
4.3 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
|
24 |
Spartan (H.F.) |
4.0 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
4.7 |
5.0 |
4.2 |
|
25 |
Midnight (K.B.) |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
|
26 |
Scaldis (H.F.) |
3.7 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
2.7 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
|
27 |
Apache (T.F.) |
3.7 |
3.3 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
|
28 |
Bonanza (T.F.) |
4.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
|
29 |
Falcon (T.F.) |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
|
30 |
Coventry (K.B.) |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
|
31 |
Ram I (K.B.) |
3.0 |
3.3 |
2.3 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
|
32 |
Chateau (K.B.) |
1.7 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
|
33 |
Nassau (K.B.) |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
3.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
|
34 |
Bristol (K.B.) |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
3.7 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
|
35 |
Glade (K.B.) |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
|
LSD0.05 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
1Visual quality was assessed using a scale of 9 to 1 with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality.
Table 2. 1999 Visual quality1 data for turfgrass culitvars in the 1994 Shade Trial in descending order for mean quality.
|
Cultivar |
May |
June |
July |
August |
September |
October |
Mean quality |
|
|
1 |
Sabre (P.T.) |
6.3 |
6.0 |
4.3 |
3.0 |
5.7 |
4.7 |
5.0 |
|
2 |
Polder (P.T.) |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
6.0 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
|
3 |
Banner (C.F.) |
5.7 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
5.3 |
5.7 |
4.7 |
|
4 |
SR5100 (C.F.) |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
5.7 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
|
5 |
Southport (C.F.) |
4.7 |
4.0 |
4.3 |
3.7 |
5.7 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
|
6 |
Victory (C.F.) |
5.0 |
4.7 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
4.7 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
|
7 |
Banner II (C.F.) |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
6.0 |
3.7 |
4.4 |
|
8 |
Bridgeport (C.F.) |
4.7 |
4.7 |
3.0 |
3.7 |
5.0 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
|
9 |
Midnight (K.B.) |
4.7 |
5.0 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
4.7 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
|
10 |
Cypress (P.T.) |
5.3 |
5.0 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
|
11 |
Silvana (H.F.) |
3.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
3.0 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
|
12 |
Molinda (C.F.) |
4.7 |
4.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
|
13 |
Waldina (H.F.) |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
|
14 |
Shadow (C.F.) |
4.7 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
5.7 |
3.8 |
|
15 |
Shenandoah (T.F.) |
3.0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
4.0 |
4.7 |
3.7 |
|
16 |
Nordic (H.F.) |
3.7 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
|
17 |
Flyer (C.R.F.) |
3.3 |
4.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
|
18 |
Bonanza (T.F.) |
4.3 |
4.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
|
19 |
Arid (T.F.) |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
|
20 |
Bonanza II (T.F.) |
2.7 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
|
21 |
Glade (K.B.) |
4.0 |
3.7 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
|
22 |
Mirage (T.F.) |
4.0 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
2.9 |
|
23 |
Coventry (K.B.) |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
|
24 |
Rebel II (T.F.) |
3.0 |
3.7 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
|
25 |
Adobe (T.F.) |
2.3 |
3.7 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
|
26 |
Ascot (K.B.) |
3.0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
|
27 |
Aztec (T.F.) |
3.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
|
28 |
Spartan (H.F.) |
2.3 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
3.7 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
|
29 |
Falcon II (T.F.) |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
|
30 |
Buckingham (K.B.) |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
|
31 |
Bristol (K.B.) |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
|
32 |
Rebel (T.F.) |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
|
33 |
Bonsai (T.F.) |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
2.7 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
|
34 |
Brigade (H.F.) |
1.7 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
1.4 |
|
35 |
Supranova (P.S.) |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
|
LSD0.05 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
1Visual quality was assessed using a scale of 9 to 1 with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality.
Table 3. The average quality ratings for grasses in the 1987 Shade Trial: 1992 - 1999.
|
Cultivar |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
Ave.* |
|
|
Victor (C.F.) |
5.9 |
7.2 |
7.1 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.53 |
|
|
Waldorf (C.F.) |
7.3 |
5.9 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
6.1 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
6.17 |
|
|
ST-2 (SR 3000) (H.F.) |
6.3 |
5.7 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
5.5 |
5.8 |
5.1 |
5.7 |
6.11 |
|
|
Mary (C.F.) |
6.4 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
6.3 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
6.11 |
|
|
BAR FO 81-225 (H.F.) |
6.5 |
5.5 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
5.7 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
6.6 |
6.10 |
|
|
Jamestown (C.F.) |
6.0 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.2 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.03 |
|
|
Shadow (C.F.) |
6.0 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
6.02 |
|
|
Waldina (H.F.) |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
5.1 |
5.9 |
6.4 |
6.6 |
5.95 |
|
|
Atlanta (C.F.) |
6.1 |
5.8 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
5.94 |
|
|
Pennlawn (C.R.F.) |
6.2 |
6.3 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.9 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
5.3 |
5.79 |
|
|
Rebel (T.F.) |
6.0 |
6.9 |
5.9 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
4.8 |
5.74 |
|
|
Banner (C.F.) |
5.0 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
5.3 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
5.7 |
5.8 |
5.74 |
|
|
Sabre (P.T.) |
6.4 |
7.4 |
6.2 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
5.73 |
|
|
Estica (C.R.F.) |
5.6 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
5.6 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
5.70 |
|
|
Biljart (H.F.) |
6.1 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
5.1 |
4.4 |
4.8 |
5.56 |
|
|
Rebel II (T.F.) |
5.6 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
5.1 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
5.4 |
5.1 |
5.55 |
|
|
Agram (C.F.) |
5.9 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
5.1 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.53 |
|
|
Bonanza (T.F.) |
6.9 |
6.3 |
6.2 |
5.2 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
5.49 |
|
|
Wintergreen (C.F.) |
5.9 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.43 |
|
|
Falcon (T.F.) |
6.0 |
6.5 |
6.3 |
5.2 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
5.41 |
|
|
Apache (T.F.) |
6.0 |
6.3 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
5.33 |
|
|
Ensylva (C.R.F.) |
5.1 |
5.9 |
5.4 |
4.4 |
5.3 |
4.9 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
5.27 |
|
|
Spartan (H.F.) |
4.2 |
4.7 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
5.23 |
|
|
Arid (T.F.) |
7.1 |
6.7 |
5.6 |
4.7 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
4.0 |
4.3 |
5.20 |
|
|
Koket (C.F.) |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
4.9 |
5.17 |
|
|
Scaldis (H.F.) |
5.2 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.8 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
4.81 |
|
|
Highlight (C.F.) |
4.6 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
5.2 |
4.4 |
4.75 |
|
|
Coventry (K.B.) |
5.4 |
6.0 |
4.7 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
4.57 |
|
|
Midnight (K.B.) |
5.5 |
6.4 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
4.6 |
3.9 |
4.51 |
|
|
Reliant (H.F.) |
3.5 |
4.2 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
4.50 |
|
|
RAM I (K.B.) |
5.0 |
5.9 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
4.38 |
|
|
Chateau (K.B.) |
5.5 |
5.2 |
4.1 |
3.0 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
4.09 |
|
|
Glade (K.B.) |
4.8 |
5.3 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
1.8 |
3.93 |
|
|
Bristol (K.B.) |
3.9 |
5.0 |
4.1 |
3.6 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
3.73 |
|
|
Nassau (K.B.) |
3.8 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
3.17 |
Quality Based on a 9 to 1 scale: 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = poorest quality.
*Average includes 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991 data (not listed).
C.F. = chewings fescue, C.R.F. = creeping red fescue, H.F. = hard fescue, K.B. = Kentucky bluegrass,
P.T. = Poa trivialis , T.F. = tall fescue. P.S. = Poa supina.
|
Index Page - Turfgrass Research Report 2000 |